Dual-Wavelength Polarimetric Radar Analyses of Tornadic Debris Signatures

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Abstract
Statistical properties of tornado debris signatures (TDSs) are investigated using S- and C-band polarimetric radar data with comparisons to damage surveys and satellite imagery. Close proximity of the radars to the 10 May 2010 Moore–Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, tornado that was rated as a 4 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF4) provides a large number of resolution volumes, and good temporal and spatial matching for dual-wavelength comparisons. These comparisons reveal that S-band TDSs exhibit a higher radar reflectivity factor (ZHH) and copolar cross-correlation coefficient (ρhv) than do C-band TDSs. Higher S-bandρhvmay result from a smaller ratio of non-Rayleigh scatterers to total scatterers due to the smaller electrical sizes of debris and, consequently, reduced resonance effects. A negativeZDRsignature is observed at 350 m AGL at both the S and C bands as the tornado passes over a vegetated area near a large body of water. Another interesting signature is a positive (negative) shift in propagation differential phase (ΦDP) at S band (C band), which could result from increased phase folding at C band. With increasing height above 350 m AGL, the S- and C-bandZHHdecreases andρhvincreases, indicating a decrease in debris size. To investigate relationships between polarimetric variables and tornado wind fields, range profiles of radial and tangential wind speeds are obtained using two radars. Velocity profiles reveal radial divergence within vortex core flow through 700 m AGL collocated with the TDS. Formation of a weak-echo hole and higherρhvin the vortex center aloft suggests debris centrifuging, outward motion of scatterers due to radial divergence (i.e., two-cell vortex flow), or both.

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