The classification, evolution and distribution of the Labeninae, an ancient southern group of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)

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Abstract
The phylogeny of the Labeninae was investigated using modern cladistic techniques. The cladogram obtained was then examined and related to the current classification, known biology and geographical distribution of the group. Four tribes were recognized, Labenini, Groteini, Poecilocryptini and Brachycyrtini; the Clasini were transferred to the subfamily Phygadeuontinae. A hypothetical biological evolution was postulated commencing with ancestral parasites of wood‐borers and involving two lines of specialization, the groteines associated with bees and the brachycyrtines associated with cocoons. On the basis of the cladogram and the present distribution, a southern origin was postulated for the group.

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