Material and Technological Optimization of a 3D-Printed Hand Exoskeleton Within the Industry 4.0/5.0/6.0 Paradigms: A Short Review

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Abstract
3D-printed hand exoskeletons are important because they enable the creation of affordable, lightweight, and highly customizable assistive and rehabilitation devices tailored to individual patient needs. Their rapid production and design flexibility accelerate innovation, improve access to therapies, and accelerate functional recovery for people with hand impairments. This article discusses the development of a hand exoskeleton using advanced additive manufacturing. It highlights how Industry 4.0 principles such as digital design, automation, and smart manufacturing enable precise prototyping and efficient use of materials. Moving on to Industry 5.0, the study highlights the role of human–machine collaboration, where customization and ergonomics are prioritized to ensure user comfort and rehabilitation effectiveness. The integration of AI-based generative design and digital twins (DTs) is explored as a path to Industry 6.0, where adaptive and self-optimizing systems support continuous improvement. The perspective of personal experience provides insight into practical challenges, including material selection, printing accuracy, and wearability. The results show how technological optimization can be used to reduce costs, improves efficiency and sustainability, and accelerates the personalization of medical devices. The article shows how evolving industrial paradigms are driving the design, manufacture, and refinement of 3D-printed hand exoskeletons, combining technological innovation with human-centered outcomes.
Funding Information
  • The work presented in the paper has been financed under a grant to maintain the research potential of Kazimierz Wielki University. (The work presented in the paper has been financed under a grant to maintain the research potential of Kazimierz Wielki University.)

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