High percentage of apoptotic spermatozoa in ejaculates from men with chronic genital tract inflammation

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Abstract
Silent chronic inflammation of genital tract (CIGT) is considered as a major contributing factor to male fertility disorders. Within CIGT, inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α might induce spermatozoal apoptosis, which in turn has been shown to have a negative influence on the sperm‐oocyte penetration capacity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate spermatozoal apoptosis in patients with fertility disorders and signs of CIGT. Apoptosis of spermatozoa was determined by expression of annexin V using flow cytometry. Apoptotic spermatozoa were further discriminated from necrotic spermatozoa by 7‐amino‐actinomycin (7AAD). Ejaculates of patients showing signs of CIGT (P‐CIGT) such as high polymorphonuclear (PMN) elastase were compared to control ejaculates of patients lacking signs of CIGT (CON). Thereby we detected a significant correlation between PMN elastase and TNF‐α in the seminal plasma and apoptotic spermatozoa. Furthermore, we demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of apoptotic spermatozoa in the ejaculate of P‐CIGT compared to CON. Interestingly, a significantly higher percentage of apoptotic spermatozoa was detected in the swim‐up fraction demonstrating motility of apoptotic spermatozoa. This is in line with the missing correlation of apoptotic spermatozoa and motility. In conclusion, patients with signs of CIGT display high numbers of apoptotic spermatozoa with progressive motility, which might have an impact on reproductive techniques such as intrauterine insemination or in‐vitro fertilisation.

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