Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using a Stacking Model Based on Multidimensional Feature Collaboration and Pseudo-Labeling Techniques

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Abstract
Landslides are geological hazards that endanger socioeconomic development and ecological security, with landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) playing a critical role in risk management and spatial planning. Recently, ensemble learning (EL) models have gained attention for effectively addressing the limitations of individual deep learning (DL) models in LSM. However, EL models always built on single-pixel, multi-factor inputs struggle to capture the spatial structure features of terrain units, limiting their ability to depict complex disaster patterns. Moreover, the scarcity of landslide samples and high annotation costs constrain model performance in LSM. To overcome these challenges, we propose a Stacking model based on multidimensional feature collaboration and pseudo-labeling techniques, referred to as MFP_Stacking. A stacking EL model is first employed in MFP_Stacking to integrate global statistical attribute features extracted from one-dimensional vectors with multi-scale spatial topological features derived from three-dimensional vectors. This strategy of multidimensional feature collaborative modeling enhances the model’s ability to learn complex environmental patterns associated with landslides. Subsequently, pseudo-labeling techniques are adopted to incorporate unlabeled data into auxiliary training, thereby addressing the problem of sample scarcity. MFP_Stacking was applied to LSM in the Zigui–Badong section of the Yangtze River Basin and in Ya’an City, Sichuan Province. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model performs well in overcoming limitations in feature representation, alleviating sample scarcity, and enhancing the quality of LSM outcomes. It achieved an average improvement of 2.4% for the Zigui–Badong section and 2% for Ya’an City across various evaluation metrics compared to other models.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A2013)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (62071438)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences (2642022009)
  • Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, MNR (202401001)
  • global change and air-sea interaction ii (GASI-01-DLYG-WIND0)
  • Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science (OFSLRSS202312)
  • Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data (PBD2023-28)
  • Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response (2023(A)003)

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