Intravenous magnesium sulfate: new method in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in primary percutaneous coronary intervention

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Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is an adverse consequence of percutaneous coronary interventions which results in significant morbidity and mortality and adds to the costs of diagnostic and interventional cardiology procedures. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed for CI-AKI and various agents tested for its prevention. There is currently a general agreement that adequate pre-procedural hydration constitutes the cornerstone of prevention, yet there are reports of the use of some other agents with various efficacies. We prospectively tested IV magnesium sulfate (Mg) for CI-AKI prevention. This study is a prospective, randomized, open-labeled, single-center clinical trial. We randomly assigned 122 consecutive patients to two groups. The first group was the control group with routine treatment (n = 64), and second group was the study group with routine treatment plus IV magnesium sulfate 1 g just before the procedure (n = 62). Serum creatinine was measured before the procedure and 2 days after the procedure. The primary end point was the occurrence of CI-AKI within 48 h. CI-AKI was defined as 0.5 mg/dl or more increase in serum creatinine or 25 % or more increase above baseline serum creatinine. There was no difference in definition if both of these parameters were present. The control and study groups were comparable in the overall predicted risk of CI-AKI. Also, the type and volume of the contrast were not significantly different between the two groups. Following angioplasty, CI-AKI occurred in 17 (26.6 %) patients in the control group and nine (14.5 %) patients in the study group; there was a significant reduction in CI-AKI in the study group (P = 0.01). Additionally, there was no mortality or a need for hemodialysis in either group. In primary PCI patients, the prophylactic use of intravenous Mg can be recommended to be added to traditional hydration for CI-AKI prevention.

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