A Discussion on global tectonics in Proterozoic times - Late Proterozoic cratonization in southwest Saudi Arabia

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Abstract
The Lewisian complex of northwest Scotland shows a pattern of evolution typical of a number of early Proterozoic provinces. During the period 2500-1600 Ma, deformation occurred along steeply dipping shear zones, resulting in both vertical and lateral movements. The largest of these shear zones, forming the northern boundary to the Scourian granulites (Archaean), must have penetrated to considerable depth, possibly to the mantle. Modal and chemical analysis of rocks from shear zones are presented and discussed in relation to rocks sampled outside shear zones. The mineralogy and composition of all rocks deformed in the shear zones have been considerably altered by synkinematic metasomatism. In the early stages, immediately prior to and during the intrusion of the regional doleritic dyke swarm, this metasomatic activity involved addition of H$_{2}$O and Na to the rocks. Subsequently, more significant changes in rock chemistry occurred (addition of H$_{2}$O, K, Na, loss of Fe, Ca, Mg). These changes resulted from the interaction between large volumes of water and the rocks in the shear zones along which the fluid travelled. A combination of modal and chemical data allow general chemical reactions to be written which describe the evolution of the gneisses during reworking and retrogression from pyroxene bearing granulite facies rocks to hornblende and biotite bearing amphibolite facies rocks in shear zones. The reactions are written as ionic equilibria and suggest that the fluid phase in the shear zones had a low pH. Adiabatic transport of water upwards through the crust will result in moderate warming of the fluid, and can cause large temperature increases above the preexisting geothermal gradient in rocks through which the fluid travels. It is suggested that both deformation and metamorphism in these shear zones are related to transport of fluid by hydraulic fracturing. Grain size reduction by hydraulic fracturing increases the strain rate in the shear zones. Deformation may cease in a shear zone when the fluid pressure drops and hydraulic fracturing no longer occurs. Thus fluid transport, mineral reactions, chemical changes, grain size reduction and convective heat flow will cease. A close relation should exist between the intensity of deformation, the extent of metasomatism and the thermal history in these important shear belts.

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