Technique of Upper Endoscopy and Colonoscopy

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Abstract
Endoscopy is a diagnostic technique used to visualize the interior of the gastrointestinal organs with the help of specially designed optical systems. In gastroenterology, upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) and colonoscopy represent the most commonly used procedures for evaluating the gastrointestinal tract. Successful endoscopic examination not only requires familiarity with normal and pathological findings but also a solid understanding of the proper procedural technique. This chapter provides a detailed overview of endoscopic techniques, emphasizing the importance of adequate preparation, scope handling, and patient positioning. It begins with the fundamental principles and preparation protocols for both upper and lower endoscopy. The following sections describe step-by-step techniques for performing upper endoscopy and colonoscopy, along with current recommendations for routine tissue sampling and biopsy.

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