A Conditional GAN-based Framework for Sparse sEMG Data Augmentation with Muscle Synergy Prior Constraints

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Abstract
The scarcity of high-quality surface electromyography (sEMG) data, caused by ethical constraints, privacy concerns, and noise interference, poses significant challenges for developing robust deep learning models in sEMG analysis. Multi-channel sEMG signals exhibit complex inter-channel correlations reflecting neuromuscular coordination. However, existing generative methods suffer from error accumulation in sequential channel generation, insufficient inter-channel relationship modeling, and lack of physiological constraints, producing data-driven valid but physiologically implausible signals that compromise biological fidelity for clinical applications. To address these fundamental limitations, we propose a Muscle Synergy-Constrained Conditional GAN (MS-cGAN) framework that simultaneously generates multi-channel sEMG signals while preserving bio-mechanical fidelity. Firstly, A novel Graph Convolutional Network (GCN)-based generator architecture specifically tailored for sparse sEMG signals, which enables the generator to capture and model complex inter-channel relationship features through graph-based representation learning, thereby circumventing error accumulation issues by leveraging the inherent inter-channel correlations. Secondly, Integration of Muscle Synergy (MS) prior constraints as dynamic loss functions based on MS theory, which enforces generator optimization within a physiologically plausible parameter space and ensures signals maintain synergistic consistency with underlying physiological mechanisms. Lastly, experiments on IRASS datasets and public datasets (NinaPro DB1 and DB2) demonstrate that MS-cGAN significantly improves signal authenticity and enhances downstream task performance compared to traditional GANs and state-of-the-art diffusion models. The generated data effectively supplement scarce sEMG datasets and improve kinematic prediction precision for deep learning models.
Funding Information
  • Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2025MS1036)
  • Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund Project for Intelligent Computing (ZR2025LZH001)

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