Different cytokine profile and eosinophil activation are involved in rhinovirus‐ and RS virus‐induced acute exacerbation of childhood wheezing

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To cite this article: Kato M, Tsukagoshi H, Yoshizumi M, Saitoh M, Kozawa K, Yamada Y, Maruyama K, Hayashi Y, Kimura H. Different cytokine profile and eosinophil activation are involved in rhinovirus‐ and RS virus‐induced acute exacerbation of childhood wheezing.Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: e87–e94. Because little information is available on eosinophil activation and cytokine response in virus‐induced wheezing, we attempted to detect respiratory viruses and measure eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and 27 types of cytokines/chemokines in both serum and nasal secretions from children with wheezing. This study was an observational, case–control investigation of 267 subjects, who were visited and/or hospitalized with acute respiratory symptoms (with wheezing: men, 115; women, 59; mean/median age, 3.6/3.0 years) or who were visited for regular physical examination and treatment (non‐symptomatic wheezing: men, 48; women, 31; mean/median, 5.0/4.7 years), and 14 control subjects (controls: men, 9; women, 5; mean/median, 3.6/3.7 years). We detected viruses in nasal secretions from 174 patients with acute exacerbations of wheezing using antigen detection kits or reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, followed by direct DNA sequencing analysis. We measured peripheral eosinophil counts, and serum concentrations of ECP and 27 cytokines/chemokines using a multiplex bead‐based assay in patients with wheezing or non‐symptomatic wheezing. We also examined nasal ECP and 27 cytokines/chemokines in patients with wheezing. Of 174 samples from wheezing exacerbations, rhinovirus was detected in 59; respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in 44; enterovirus in 17; other viruses in 19; and no viruses in 35. Serum concentrations of ECP, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐1ra, and IP‐10 were significantly elevated in rhinovirus‐induced wheezing compared with non‐symptomatic wheezing. Similarly, serum ECP, IL‐5, and IP‐10 were significantly higher in rhinovirus‐induced wheezing than in controls. On the other hand, IL‐1ra and IP‐10, but not ECP and IL‐5 were significantly higher in RS virus‐induced wheezing than in controls. Furthermore, only IL‐5 was significantly elevated in the rhinovirus group compared with the RS virus group in both serum and nasal secretions. Different cytokine profile and eosinophil activation might be involved in rhinovirus‐ and RS virus‐induced acute exacerbation of childhood wheezing.

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