High prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae fecal carriage among children under five years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Abstract
Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria present an ever-growing burden in the hospital and community settings. Data on the prevalence of ESBL fecal carriage remain scarce in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of ESBL producingEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaefecal carriage among children under five years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2017. A total of 269 fecal/rectal swab samples were cultured on MacConkey agar. All positive cultures were characterized by colony morphology, Gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. Further, bacteria identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and phenotypic detection of ESBL production were performed using VITEK 2 Compact as per the instruction of the manufacturer. Socio-demographic and risk factors data were collected using questionnaires. Data were entered by EPI INFO version 7.2.1.0 and analyzed by SPSS version 20.Results: The overall prevalence of ESBL-producingE.coliandK.pneumoniaewas 17.1% (46/269; 95% CI: 12.9%–22.7%). A total of 47 isolates were ESBL-positive, of which, 83.0% wereE.coliand 17.0% wereK.pneumoniae. ESBL producingE.coliandK.pneumoniaeisolates were also showed high levels of MDR (93.6%) and high rates of co-resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. However, all isolates were carbapenem susceptible. In the risk factors analysis, Children’s mothers who had lower educational level (primary school) (OR: 2.472, 95% CI: 1.323–4.618, P = 0.0062) and children who used tap water for drinking (OR: 1.714, 95% CI: 1.001–3.659, P = 0.048) were found to be significantly associated with higher ESBL fecal carriage.Conclusions: In this study, the high prevalence rate of ESBL producingE.coliandK.pneumoniaefecal carriage and high level of multidrug resistance among ESBL producingE.coliandK.pneumoniaewere demonstrated. This suggested that the necessity of routine screening of ESBL is crucial for the early detection and appropriate antibiotics selection for infection caused by ESBL producing pathogens.

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