Global demand for fossil fuels and the growing environmental concerns linked with them, such as global warming, have shifted global attention toward the production of eco-friendly and inexhaustible bioenergy resources. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in alternative fuel research as a means to lessen our reliance on fossil fuels, especially through the provision of bioenergy sources. This is vital for two primary reasons: first, new fuels are required to augment and eventually replace declining oil sources, and second, carbon-free fuels are required to stop global warming. Bioenergy use falls into two main categories: “traditional” and “modern.” Traditional use refers to the combustion of biomass in such forms as wood, animal waste, and traditional charcoal. Modern bioenergy technologies include liquid biofuels produced from bagasse and other plants, bio-refineries, biogas produced through anaerobic digestion of residues, wood pellet heating systems, etc. This chapter highlights the overview of bioenergy, technologies available for bioenergy production such as microbial fuel cell technology, biohydrogen production, microalgal valorization technology, pelletization, coal-bed methane technology, their environmental implications, challenges, prospects, and future work consideration for the successful transition to bioenergy economy.