The crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress promoted ATF4‐mediated mitophagy induced by hexavalent chromium

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Abstract
Chromium (Cr) compounds are markedly toxic and carcinogenic. Previously, we found that Cr (VI) induced autophagy in A549 cells. Here, the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress on inducing mitophagy was investigated in both A549 and H1299 cells. Exposure to Cr (VI) for 6 h significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Transmission electron microscopy showed that Cr (VI) induced mitochondrial morphological changes, such as, mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization. The elevated expression of GRP78 and p‐PERK suggested that Cr (VI) resulted in ER stress. Both mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress played an important role in Cr (VI)‐induced mitophagy, as the mitochondrial function inhibitor, carbonyl cyanide 3‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) induced PINK1 and PARK2 and increased the expression of GRP78 and p‐PERK while the levels of Cr (VI)‐induced PINK1, PARK2, LC3‐II were reduced after ER stress inhibitor, phenylbutyric acid (4PBA) pretreatment. When A549 cells were treated with CCCP and 4‐PBA simultaneously, CCCP‐induced expressions of PINK1, PARK2 and LC3‐II decreased significantly compared with that of only CCCP‐treated cells, indicating that there was a crosstalk between mitochondria and ER in inducing mitophagy. Additionally, the crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress modulated the expression of Cr (VI)‐induced ATF4, which resulted in mitophagy. Collectively, our data demonstrated that Cr (VI)‐induced mitophagy mediated by ATF4 via the crosstalk between ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

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