Distance Sampling

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Abstract
Distance sampling covers a range of methods in which distances of detected objects (usually animals) from a line or point are recorded, from which object density or abundance is estimated. The most widely used methods are line transect sampling and point transect sampling. Objects on the line or point are usually assumed to be detected with certainty, and a detection function, representing probability of detection as a function of distance from the line or point, is modeled. This allows estimation of the proportion of objects missed within surveyed strips or circles, extending a specified distance from the line or point. Appropriate survey design allows the resulting object density estimates to be extrapolated to the full survey region, to yield estimates of object abundance.

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