Urban growth and change analysis using remote sensing and spatial metrics from 1975 to 2003 for Hanoi, Vietnam

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Abstract
Since the beginning of the ‘Doi Moi’ policy in 1986, Hanoi has witnessed significant changes in its urban areas. Landsat and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) scenes were used to identify built-up areas in Hanoi, and spatial metrics were used to characterize urban change patterns from 1975 to 2003. Firstly, a spatial metric called the ‘percentage of like adjacency’ was used to discern urban growth patterns, which were classified into three sub-patterns: expansion growth, infill growth and outlying growth. Secondly, the driving force underlying the urbanization of the city for the 1975–1984, 1984–1992, 1992–2001, 2001–2003 periods was investigated using a spatial metric analysis programme (FRAGSTATS). The expansion of urban areas along major transportation routes in the latter 1980s was identified as the main form of urbanization in Hanoi. This paper shows the potential application of spatial metrics as secondary sources of information for supporting remotely sensed data and their use to characterize urban growth patterns.

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