Enhanced Biomedical and Photocatalytic Capabilities of Biosynthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Pistacia Khinjuk Leaf Extract

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Abstract
Nanotechnology has the potential to provide significant solutions to challenges across various fields, including environmental remediation, catalysis, and medicine. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles have attracted attention due to their photocatalytic and biomedical applications. This study adopted an ultrasonic‐assisted synthesis method for TiO 2 nanoparticles using Pistacia khinjuk leaf extract. The nanoparticles were fabricated by reacting a titanium isopropoxide precursor solution with the Pistacia khinjuk leaf extract. The UV–vis spectra revealed a strong absorption peak at 380 nm. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystalline structure of TiO 2 (rutile) with a particle size of ∼35 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed Ti–O stretching vibrations at around 474 cm −1 . The TiO 2 nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on HeLa and HEK‐293 cell lines, showing selective toxicity towards cancer cells. Additionally, the TiO 2 nanoparticles demonstrated 92.33% photocatalytic activity of Congo red under UV exposure for over 150 min. The TiO 2 nanoparticles also exhibited significant antioxidant activity (56.74% DPPH scavenging at 100 µg/mL) and enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus pumilus , surpassing the extract alone. This work presents an effective, simple, and eco‐friendly method for synthesizing TiO 2 nanoparticles and assessing their potential for various medical and industrial applications.

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