TOI-512: Super-Earth transiting a K-type star discovered by TESS and ESPRESSO

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Abstract
Context. One of the goals of the ESPRESSO guaranteed time observations (GTOs) at the ESO 8.2 m telescope is to follow up on candidate planets from transit surveys such as the TESS mission. High-precision radial velocities are required to characterize small exoplanets. Aims. We intend to confirm the existence of a transiting super-Earth around the bright (V=9.74) K0-type star TOI-512 (TIC 119292328) and provide a characterization. Methods. Combining photometric data from TESS and 37 high-resolution spectroscopic observations from ESPRESSO in a joint Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis, we determined the planetary parameters of TOI-512b and characterized its internal structure. Results. We find that TOI-512b is a super-Earth, with a radius of 1.54 ± 0.10 R⊕ and mass of 3.57−0.55+0.53 M⊕, on a 7.19−6.1·10−5+7.10−5 day orbit. This corresponds to a bulk density of 5.62−1.28+1.59 g cm−3. Our interior structure analysis presents a small inner core representing 0.13−0.11+0.13 of the solid mass fraction for the planet, surrounded by a mantle with a mass fraction of 0.69−0.22+0.20, and an upper limit of the water layer of 0.16. The gas mass below 10−8.93 indicates a very small amount of gas on the planet. We find no evidence of the second candidate found by the TESS pipeline, TOI-512.02, neither in TESS photometry, nor in the ESPRESSO radial velocities. The low stellar activity makes it an interesting transmission spectroscopy candidate for future-generation instruments.

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