An ultrastructural study of phagocytosis and shrinkage in nutritive phagocytes of the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina

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Abstract
The ultrastructural mechanisms of waste-sperm phagocytosis and postspawning shrinkage were studied for accessory cells (nutritive phagocytes; NPs) of the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina. Sperm cells were phagocytosed by NPs; they penetrated into the cytoplasm of the NPs inside heterophagosomes formed by an invagination of the cell membrane. Single-sperm-containing heterophagosomes aggregated to form large multisperm heterophagosomes that were accompanied by cytoplasmic vesicles and lipids. Two types of vesicle, viz., Golgi-complex-derived electron-dense vesicles (“zymogen granules”) and smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum-derived electron-lucent vesicles, were incorporated within multisperm heterophagosomes. Completed multisperm heterophagosomes were transformed into electron-dense remnant bodies, the content of which underwent destruction, resulting in “empty” vacuoles inside the remnant body. The “empty” vacuoles were then compressed by the surrounding cytoplasm. Shrinkage of NPs occurred upon completion of sperm degeneration in gonad tubules. This process was undertaken by structures termed cell-size-reducing autolysosomes, which performed two types of autolysis, and resulted in the formation of “cheese-hole”-like vacuoles in the cytoplasm of NPs. Subsequent cytoplasmic compression of these vacuoles was required for the reduction in size of NPs, an essential event for remodeling the cell for the next gametogenetic cycle.

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