Confined Circumstellar Material as a Dust Formation Site in Type II Supernovae

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Abstract
We propose a model for dust formation in Type II supernovae (SNe) interacting with confined circumstellar material (CSM), motivated by recent time-domain surveys that have revealed a substantial fraction of SN progenitors to be surrounded by CSM ejected shortly before core collapse. We simulate the pre-SN mass eruption and the resulting confined CSM using the open-source code CHIPS, and follow the subsequent evolution of the SN ejecta and its interaction with the CSM. We show that a cold dense shell (CDS) is formed at the radiative shock under a wide range of conditions and later undergoes rapid adiabatic cooling during free expansion, leading to efficient dust condensation. The resulting dust mass ranges from ∼10−3 M ⊙ to 0.1 M ⊙, depending on the mass and spatial extent of the CSM. We further calculate the infrared (IR) emission from the newly formed dust and find broad consistency with observations of SN 1998S. Notably, the IR light curve exhibits a rapid rise within ≲10 days, closely resembling that of kilonovae (KNe). This suggests that dust emission powered by confined CSM interaction may be also discovered in KN searches. Moreover, the high-density environment of the CDS may allow dust grains to grow to larger sizes, enhancing their survivability against destruction by reverse shocks propagating from the interstellar medium at later times.
Funding Information
  • MEXT ∣ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22H00130)
  • MEXT ∣ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23H04900)
  • MEXT ∣ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23H05430)
  • MEXT ∣ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23H01172)

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