Nanostructured Molecular–Network Arsenoselenides from the Border of a Glass-Forming Region: A Disproportionality Analysis Using Complementary Characterization Probes

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Abstract
Binary AsxSe100−x alloys from the border of a glass-forming region (65 < x < 70) subjected to nanomilling in dry and dry–wet modes are characterized by the XRPD, micro-Raman scattering (micro-RS) and revised positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) methods complemented by a disproportionality analysis using the quantum–chemical cluster modeling approach. These alloys are examined with respect to tetra-arsenic biselenide As4Se2 stoichiometry, realized in glassy g-As65Se35, glassy–crystalline g/c-As67Se33 and glassy–crystalline g/c-As70Se30. From the XRPD results, the number of rhombohedral As and cubic arsenolite As2O3 phases in As-Se alloys increases after nanomilling, especially in the wet mode realized in a PVP water solution. Nanomilling-driven amorphization and reamorphization transformations in these alloys are identified by an analysis of diffuse peak halos in their XRPD patterning, showing the interplay between the levels of a medium-range structure (disruption of the intermediate-range ordering at the cost of an extended-range one). From the micro-RS spectroscopy results, these alloys are stabilized by molecular thioarsenides As4Sen (n = 3, 4), regardless of their phase composition, remnants of thioarsenide molecules destructed under nanomilling being reincorporated into a glass network undergoing a polyamorphic transition. From the PAL spectroscopy results, volumetric changes in the wet-milled alloys with respect to the dry-milled ones are identified as resulting from a direct conversion of the bound positron–electron (Ps, positronium) states in the positron traps. Ps-hosting holes in the PVP medium appear instead of positron traps, with ~0.36–0.38 ns lifetimes ascribed to multivacancies in the As-Se matrix. The superposition of PAL spectrum peaks and tails for pelletized PVP, unmilled, dry-milled, and dry–wet-milled As-Se samples shows a spectacular smoothly decaying trend. The microstructure scenarios of the spontaneous (under quenching) and activated (under nanomilling) decomposition of principal network clusters in As4Se2-bearing arsenoselenides are recognized. Over-constrained As6·(2/3) ring-like network clusters acting as pre-cursors of the rhombohedral As phase are the main products of this decomposition. Two spontaneous processes for creating thioarsenides with crystalline counterparts explain the location of the glass-forming border in an As-Se system near the As4Se2 composition, while an activated decomposition process for creating layered As2Se3 structures is responsible for the nanomilling-driven molecular-to-network transition.
Funding Information
  • Slovak Research and Development Agency (SK-PL-23–0002, 2/0112/22, 0122U001806, BPN/BUA/2021/1/00204/U/00001, BPN/BSK/2023/1/00001/U/00001, SK-PL-23-0002)
  • Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic (SK-PL-23–0002, 2/0112/22, 0122U001806, BPN/BUA/2021/1/00204/U/00001, BPN/BSK/2023/1/00001/U/00001, SK-PL-23-0002)
  • Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (SK-PL-23–0002, 2/0112/22, 0122U001806, BPN/BUA/2021/1/00204/U/00001, BPN/BSK/2023/1/00001/U/00001, SK-PL-23-0002)
  • Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (SK-PL-23–0002, 2/0112/22, 0122U001806, BPN/BUA/2021/1/00204/U/00001, BPN/BSK/2023/1/00001/U/00001, SK-PL-23-0002)
  • Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in the frame of bilateral Ukrainian-Polish cooperation program (SK-PL-23–0002, 2/0112/22, 0122U001806, BPN/BUA/2021/1/00204/U/00001, BPN/BSK/2023/1/00001/U/00001, SK-PL-23-0002)
  • Slovak Research and Development Agency (SK-PL-23–0002, 2/0112/22, 0122U001806, BPN/BUA/2021/1/00204/U/00001, BPN/BSK/2023/1/00001/U/00001, SK-PL-23-0002)

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