A Rapid Method for Measuring Freezing Resistance in Crop Plants

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Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a technique based on chlorophyll fluorescence to assess freezing injury and resistance of leaves. Optimization was done with faba bean leaves and applicability to other crops was examined at winter and spring with types of barley, oats, rape and faba beans. Selected leaves from young hardened beans were subjected to standardized freezing tests with different minimum temperatures (Tmin) and fluorescence was monitored. After a dark period basic fluorescence (FO was induced by 0.2 μmol m−2 s−1 pulsed red light and maximum fluorescence (Fm) was assayed at different light intensities. 1500 μmol m−2 s−1 rendered to give the maximum possible output of Fm and best differentiation of differently damaged leaves by Fn=Fm ‐ FO. Leaf temperature during measurement and during a short storage (± 2 h) should be kept at about 0°C to avoid biases between differently damaged leaves. The measuring spot on the leaf must be standardized since fluorescence response differed at the tip and base of a leaflet, but not between the two leaflets of a faba bean leaf. The applicability of Frr (ratio of Fr of stressed to unstressed leaves) as a measure of resistance was demonstrated by comparison of winter hardiness of cultivars with freezing resistance calculated from the relationship of Fvr and the Tmin used in freezing tests.

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