Dynamics of sulfate and basic cations in soil solution as affected by gypsum fertilization in an Ultisol of Southern Brazil

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Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term dynamics of chemical species of sulfate and the main basic cations in the soil solution affected by the application of different sulfur (S) rates using agricultural gypsum. The experiment was carried out in an Ultisol with 14% clay, managed under no-tillage for 14-yr in Southern Brazil. Four rates of S (0, 5, 10 and 20 kg of S ha−1) were evaluated using agricultural gypsum (CaSO4) as S-source. The soil solution was collected using porous capsule lysimeters before and at 9, 17, 37, 60, 76 and 109 d after the gypsum application, at depths of 20 and 60 cm. Surface application of gypsum rapidly increases the sulfate concentration in the soil solution at 20 cm depth. However, in less than 30 d, the effect of the S rates on the soil solution at 20 cm was minimal, with an increase in sulfate concentration in the soil solution at 60 cm depth after 17 d. Sulphated fertilization via agricultural gypsum at rates greater than 10 kg ha−1 in sandy soil with low cation exchange capacity increased the mobility of Ca and Mg in the soil profile.

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