Incorporating the effects of transcytolemmal water exchange in a reference region model for DCE‐MRI analysis: Theory, simulations, and experimental results

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Abstract
Models have been developed for the analysis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) data that do not require direct measurements of the arterial input function; such methods are referred to as reference region models. These models typically return estimates of the volume transfer constant (Ktrans) and the extravascular extracellular volume fraction (ve). To date such models have assumed a linear relationship between the measured R1 (≡1/T1) and the concentration of contrast agent, a transformation referred to as the fast exchange limit, but this assumption is not valid for all concentrations of an agent. A theory for DCE‐MRI reference region models which accounts for water exchange is presented, evaluated in simulations, and applied in tumor‐bearing mice. Using reasonable parameter values, simulations show that the assumption of fast exchange can underestimate Ktrans and ve by up to 82% and 46%, respectively. By analyzing a large region of interest and a single voxel the new model can return parameters within approximately ±10% and ±25%, respectively, of their true values. Analysis of experimental data shows that the new approach returns Ktrans and ve values that are up to 90% and 73%, respectively, greater than conventional fast exchange analyses. Magn Reson Med 59:326–335, 2008.

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