Activation of latent programs for maternal behavior

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Abstract
Maternal behaviors in mammals, which are critical for offspring survival, involve complex interactions between innate neural circuits and behavioral flexibility. This flexibility depends on environmental needs and external stimuli. Recent studies suggest that social transmission plays a crucial role in the acquisition of maternal behaviors in alloparental (non-maternal) subjects, particularly highlighting visual observation for virgin female mice to acquire pup retrieval behavior. However, the extent to which these behaviors rely on social transmission versus the activation of pre-existing, latent behaviors remains unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the necessity of social observation for maternal behavior acquisition, using a social transmission pup retrieval paradigm in pup-naive virgin female mice. Following the same protocol as previous studies, we compared retrieval performance on conditions that either allowed or prevented the visual observation of maternal demonstrations. Contrary to previous findings reporting substantial differences between these conditions, we found that virgin females readily acquired pup retrieval behavior regardless of their visual access to experienced mothers. We observed no significant correlation between maternal and virgin performance after task exposure. Detailed behavioral analysis revealed that the primary difference between mothers and virgins lay on the latency to initiate the behavior, but once started, virgins complete the retrieval as fast as mothers. Together, our findings show that pup exposure is enough to activate latent behaviors, and suggest that pup retrieval might not be transmitted by visual observation.

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