Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to improve the utilization levels of provincial open government data (OGD) portals in China by examining the key factors and pathways that influence their utilization.Design/methodology/approach: The study employs the technology–organization–environment theoretical framework and combines necessary condition analysis (NCA) with the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). This mixed-method approach is used to analyze necessary and sufficient causal relationships and to identify the key factors affecting the utilization levels of 16 provincial OGD portals in China.Findings: The results show no single necessary and sufficient condition that determines the utilization levels of provincial OGD portals. Instead, three independent variables – data resource development level, data portal development level and organizational readiness – are key factors influencing these levels. The study also identifies four pathways that lead to high utilization levels of provincial OGD portals and provides detailed analyses of typical case studies.Originality/value: The originality of this study lies in its innovative methodological application, combining the NCA method with fsQCA to empirically investigate the utilization levels of OGD portals. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors and pathways that enhance OGD portal utilization. Still, this study had a small sample size and used static cross-sectional data, which could affect the selection of independent variables.

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