Novel design and adaptive coordinated energy management of hybrid fuel‐cells/tidal/wind/PV array energy systems with battery storage for microgrids

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Abstract
This paper proposes a comprehensive solution to the challenges of managing a hybrid microgrid that generates electricity from multiple sustainable energy sources by proposing a coordinated energy management strategy and storage system. As renewable energy generation becomes increasingly popular, it introduces greater intermittency and stochasticity in energy management. To address this issue, a coordinated energy management strategy and storage system is proposed, which includes a fuzzy logic modified super twisting algorithm (MSTA). The objectives are to optimize the design and operation of microgrid including electrical based energy conversion systems such as photovoltaic and wind turbines, fuel cells, tidal energy, electric vehicle charging stations, and main grid. The second objective is to develop an energy management system for hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) and renewable energy sources (RESs) to maximize power production and ensure service continuity and smooth output energy of the microgrid, while also providing optimal benefits. To maintain cost‐effectiveness, an On/Off maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is also proposed. The contribution of this paper is to provide a solution to the intermittent and stochastic nature of renewable energy management and to improve the efficiency and durability of the energy conversion systems. The proposed management unit provides consistent output power and long‐term service.

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