The transcription factor bZIP11 acts antagonistically with trehalose 6-phosphate to inhibit shoot branching

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Abstract
The ontogenetic regulation of shoot branching allows plants to adjust their architecture in accordance with the environment. This process is due to the regulation of axillary bud outgrowth into branches, which can be induced by increasing sugar availability to the buds through decapitation of the shoot tip. Different sugar signalling components have been identified in the induction of shoot branching. However, the molecular components that maintain bud dormancy in response to sugar starvation remain largely unknown. Here, we show at the genetic level that basic leucine zipper 11 (bZIP11), a transcription factor that plays important roles in response to sugar starvation in plants, inhibits shoot branching in Arabidopsis thaliana . Physiology experiments demonstrated that bZIP11 protein levels are decreased by decapitation. Molecular and genetic evidence suggests that bZIP11 acts in a negative feedback loop with trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), a sugar signal that promotes shoot branching. Our data also suggest that the central energy sensor SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING 1 RELATED KINASE1 (SnRK1), alleviates the inhibitory effect of Tre6P on bZIP11 protein accumulation and inhibits shoot branching. Altogether, these data provide a working model that involves bZIP11, Tre6P and SnRK1 in the regulation of shoot branching.

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