Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Fruit Shape Differences and Size Characteristics Using Elliptical Fourier Descriptors

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Abstract
The objective of this research endeavor is to present engineering data pertaining to the size and shape characteristics of strawberries, which have a wide range of applications in industry, and to obtain the data necessary for the development and design of product processing systems. In this study, standard strawberry varieties were utilized, and analyses were conducted by means of an image-processing method. The projection area (601.5–762.0 mm2), length (34.0 mm), width (28.6 mm) and surface area (28.6 cm2) of the strawberry samples were measured in the horizontal and vertical orientation, in order to ascertain their size characteristics. Furthermore, the sphericity (86.1%) and roundness (1.039–1.087) parameters were calculated for the shape characteristics, accordingly. The findings of the correlation analysis suggested that the size parameters of the fruits exerted no influence on fruit shape characteristics. In the elliptic Fourier analysis performed to reveal the shape differences in the fruit, the contour geometry of each fruit sample was extracted, the principal component (PC) scores describing the shape were obtained and the shape categories of the fruit were determined. Following the analysis of the PCs, it was determined that 90.77% of the total shape variance was explained by the first seven components. Consequently, the shape of the strawberry fruit was defined as a spherical cone. Following the implementation of a discriminant analysis in conjunction with a clustering process, which categorized the samples into seven distinct shape categories employing the k-means algorithm, an accuracy rate of 94.1% was achieved.

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