Proton Moiré fringes for diagnosing electromagnetic fields in opaque materials and plasmas

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Abstract
High contrast proton moiré fringes have been obtained in a laser-produced proton beam. Moiré fringes with modulation of 20%–30% were observed in protons with energies in the range of 4–7 MeV. Monte Carlo simulations with simple test fields showed that shifts in the moiré fringes can be used to give quantitative information on the strength of transient electromagnetic fields inside plasmas and materials that are opaque to conventional probing methods.