Sustainable briquette production from jujube seed shells: Process optimization using response surface methodology

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Abstract
This study explores the optimization of binder‐free briquette production from jujube seed shells, an underutilized biomass resource in Nigeria, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The influence of key process variables—particle size, pre‐heat temperature, and compaction pressure—on the mechanical and thermal properties of the briquettes was assessed. RSM results indicated that fine particle sizes (3, compressive strength of 22.81 MPa, and a shatter index exceeding 98%. The briquettes showed excellent durability, with minimal relaxed density loss (1.95%) over 56 days. Thermal analysis revealed high energy content, with calorific values ranging from 6317 to 6495 kcal/kg (26.45–27.19 MJ/kg), low ash content (1.51%–1.68%), and significant fixed carbon (17.29%–18.39%). The optimization process underscored the effectiveness of natural lignin as an internal binder, eliminating the need for external binders. These findings offer a sustainable, cost‐effective, and eco‐friendly alternative to traditional fuels, with promising potential for rural energy solutions in West Africa.

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