Ketamine Immediate Analgesia and Opioid-Sparing Benefits in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

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Abstract
Objectives: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), though minimally invasive, sometimes leads to significant postoperative pain. Ketamine has shown potential in alleviating it, but small sample sizes and variability in administration protocols limit the generalizability of prior findings. This study evaluated the effectiveness of ketamine in reducing postoperative pain across multiple time points. Methods: A thorough search of multiple databases was conducted, covering publications up to January 2025. Data from eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were extracted and pooled to calculate mean differences (MDs) for postoperative pain scores at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, and 12 hours, along with opioid consumption (morphine and tramadol) and adverse events. Results: The analysis included 22 RCTs with 1163 participants. Ketamine significantly reduced postoperative pain compared with placebo ( MD =−0.37, 95% CI: [−0.56 to −0.17], P =0.0002). Subgroup analyses at 30 minutes showed significant pain reduction in bolus + infusion ( MD =−0.70, 95% CI: [−1.33 to −0.07], P =0.03), bolus alone ( MD =−1.28, 95% CI: [−2.29 to −0.27], P =0.01), and propofol-based maintenance ( MD =−0.89, 95% CI: [−1.44 to −0.34], P =0.002). In addition, ketamine significantly reduced morphine ( MD =−0.46, 95% CI: [−0.91 to −0.02], P =0.04) and tramadol consumption ( MD =−1.03, 95% CI: [−1.86 to −0.21], P =0.01). Discussion: Ketamine reduced opioid use and postoperative pain at 30 minutes, with efficacy varying by administration method. Future RCTs should standardize dosage, anesthesia protocols, and pain management strategies to enhance evidence consistency.

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