Global threat abatement potential for terrestrial vertebrates

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Abstract
1. Aim: The Species Threat Abatement and Restoration (STAR) metric was developed to support setting and measuring progress towards science-based targets for species conservation, in alignment with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. The STAR metric quantifies the potential reduction in species’ global extinction risk achievable through actions to abate threats (STAR T ) and restore habitat (STAR R ). The STAR metric is used across multiple sectors to assess contributions to nature-positive species outcomes and implement action for biodiversity. Here we present a substantially enhanced global estimate of STAR T for terrestrial vertebrates. Developed in response to user demand, this work integrates advancements in methodology and data quality, increased spatial resolution, and addition of reptile species. Location: Global Time Period: Current Major taxa studied: Terrestrial vertebrates Methods: STAR T was estimated at 1km 2 resolution for 9,100 species of threatened and Near Threatened birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles, using IUCN Red List assessments (version 2025-1) and area of habitat (AOH) maps generated using an advanced data-driven methodology and satellite-derived land-cover data. AOH maps were validated using a two-stage protocol using species observation data. Results: The six countries with the highest estimated STAR T scores, and therefore the largest individual potential to reduce global extinction risk via tackling threats nationally were Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, Mexico, Ecuador and Colombia (each contributing over 5% of global estimated STAR T ). The threat with the greatest individual potential to reduce extinction risk was annual and perennial non-timber crops (21.2% of global STAR T ). Main conclusions: Targeted actions to tackle a few high-impact threats in a few discrete locations, and cumulative effort across multiple areas with lower individual potential, are both required to meaningfully reduce species’ extinction risk through threat abatement. This global scale estimation of STAR T enables consistent scoping of conservation opportunity over large areas and provides the critical initial data to support planning and action.

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