Changes in the female reproductive system as age indicators in the bushfly Musca vetustissima Wlk

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Abstract
Female Musca vetustissima Wlk. may be allocated to one of seventeen classes of development between emergence and the start of the fourth ovarian cycle, the criteria being the amount of pupal fat body, but chiefly the presence and size of the follicular relics (yellow bodies and beads in the ovaries) during successive ovarian cycles. The duration of these cycles was estimated under standard and differing environmental conditions. Withholding protein for up to two weeks merely delayed the first ovarian cycle, but longer deprivation caused reduced fertility. The initial phase of the first ovarian cycle was independent of protein feeding, but a protein feed was necessary to complete the cycle, and a further protein feed was needed to complete the second ovarian cycle. No development in the first cycle took place below 57°F, but between 58 and 78°F development was progressively faster. Unfertilised females developed and laid the first batch of eggs, but were unable to complete a second batch. Oviposition was delayed by lack of favourable sites, and after one week fertility was progressively reduced. It is shown that, because of these variables, valid estimates can be made only of the minimum age of female bushflies.