Formal Synthesis of Ortho-Cyanated N-Heterocycles via Direct, Metal-Free Cyanation of N-Oxides Under Benign Conditions

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Abstract
The introduction of cyano groups into aza-heterocyclic compounds plays a pivotal role in accessing diverse derivatives that are essential for the development of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Herein, we report a unified strategy for the direct ortho-C-H cyanation of a broad range of heterocyclic N-oxides, including pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, and pyrimidine derivatives. This transformation proceeds under mild conditions without the need for external activating agents or catalysts, and has been successfully applied to structurally complex, biologically relevant molecules. Compared to existing methodologies, our approach offers several distinct advantages: the use of non-prefunctionalized heteroarene substrates, environmentally benign reaction solvents, operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, and high efficiency in generating diverse ortho-cyanated heterocyclic compounds. Moreover, the method demonstrates considerable potential for scalable synthesis.
Funding Information
  • Foundation of Tianchi Innovation Leading Talent Project (51052300410)
  • Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2022D01E34)
  • Program for Tianshan Innovative Research Team of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2025D14005)

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