Low-temperature flow-synthesis-assisted urethane-grafted zinc oxide-based dental composites: physical, mechanical, and antibacterial responses

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Abstract
A novel way was adopted to graft zinc oxide (ZnO) with urethane-modified dimethacrylate (UDMA) in order to utilize them as reinforcing agents in resin-based dental composites. Experimental novel composites were synthesized having UDMA-grafted and nongrafted ZnO, at a concentration of 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.%. The same concentrations of ZnO were also incorporated in Filtek Z250 XT (3 M ESPE, USA). The antibacterial behavior was evaluated against Streptococcusmutansby direct-contact test at one, three, and seven days of incubation. The compressive strength and Vickers microhardness were tested as per ISO 9917 and ISO/CD6507-1, respectively. For abrasive wear resistance, mass loss and roughness average after tooth-brushing cycles of 24,000 at custom-made tooth-brushing simulator were evaluated using noncontact profilometer. Data analysis was carried out using post hoc Tucky’s test and nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test. Direct contact test revealed that the antibacterial potential of novel and commercial composites was increased with an increase in the concentration of grafted ZnO as compared with nongrafted, whereby the potential was the highest at day seven. There was a significant decrease in compressive strength and Vickers hardness of commercial composites on addition of grafted ZnO while there was no significant difference in the strength of experimental novel composite. The abrasive wear of commercial and experimental composites was within clinical limits. Low-temperature flow-synthesis method was successfully employed to synthesize grafted and nongrafted ZnO. The UDMA-grafted ZnO can be incorporated into dental composites without decreasing their strength and these composites can be used to combat secondary caries.

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