Structural Behaviour of Lateral-Load-Resisting Systems in Interconnected Volumetric Modular Timber Buildings

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Abstract
The structural design of volumetric modular systems made of cross-laminated timber (CLT) faces unique challenges when resisting lateral loads. In current practice, the lateral stability of Integrated Volumetric Modular Systems (IVMS) is often ensured by friction between module interfaces, while connections primarily serve assembly purposes. Although this approach can provide sufficient resistance under wind loading, it becomes inadequate under seismic conditions, where higher load intensities and cyclic reversals demand more reliable load transfer mechanisms. This study explores an alternative strategy for achieving high-performance Lateral Load Resisting Systems (LLRSs) in modular CLT buildings by integrating conventional mechanical connectors, such as hold-downs, tie-downs, and angle brackets, into the inter-modular interfaces. The proposed system transforms the load path from a friction-based to a mechanically anchored mechanism, enabling the activation of continuous multi-storey shear walls across modules. Numerical analyses on a representative mid-rise modular building demonstrate that the proposed configuration significantly enhances global stiffness, reduces interstorey drift, and ensures a stable load transfer under seismic loading. Moreover, a feasibility assessment confirms that the proposed solution can be implemented within standard modular construction procedures. The results establish a promising foundation for the development of robust and constructible LLRS strategies for modular CLT buildings in seismic-prone regions.

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