Exact coherent structures in stably stratified plane Couette flow

The existence of exact coherent structures in stably stratified plane Couette flow (gravity perpendicular to the plates) is investigated over Reynolds–Richardson number ( $Re$ – $Ri_{b}$ ) space for a fluid of unit Prandtl number $(Pr=1)$ using a combination of numerical and asymptotic techniques. Two states are repeatedly discovered using edge tracking – EQ7 and EQ7-1 in the nomenclature of Gibson & Brand (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 745, 2014, pp. 25–61) – and found to connect with two-dimensional convective roll solutions when tracked to negative $Ri_{b}$ (the Rayleigh–Bénard problem with shear). Both these states and Nagata’s (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 217, 1990, pp. 519–527) original exact solution feel the presence of stable stratification when $Ri_{b}=O(Re^{-2})$ or equivalently when the Rayleigh number $Ra:=-Ri_{b}Re^{2}Pr=O(1)$ . This is confirmed via a stratified extension of the vortex wave interaction theory of Hall & Sherwin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 661, 2010, pp. 178–205). If the stratification is increased further, EQ7 is found to progressively spanwise and cross-stream localise until a second regime is entered at $Ri_{b}=O(Re^{-2/3})$ . This corresponds to a stratified version of the boundary region equations regime of Deguchi, Hall & Walton (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 721, 2013, pp. 58–85). Increasing the stratification further appears to lead to a third, ultimate regime where $Ri_{b}=O(1)$ in which the flow fully localises in all three directions at the minimal Kolmogorov scale which then corresponds to the Osmidov scale. Implications for the laminar–turbulent boundary in the ( $Re$ – $Ri_{b}$ ) plane are briefly discussed.