Projected Sensitivity to Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations using a 1725 m^3 Liquid Nitrogen Detector at CJPL

In atmospheric neutrino analyses, the usable zenith-angle range is generally restricted to upward-going events to suppress the cosmic-ray muon background. Motivated by the exceptionally low underground muon background at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), we investigate whether extending the zenith-angle acceptance can improve the sensitivity of atmospheric neutrino oscillation measurements. An existing 1725 m$^{3}$ liquid-nitrogen volume is adopted as the basis of a simplified detector model, in which the accepted zenith-angle range is extended from $\cos\theta_{\mu}\in[-1,0]$ to $\cos\theta_{\mu}\in[-1,0.3]$, and the projected oscillation sensitivity is evaluated for a 10-year exposure. The atmospheric neutrino flux is estimated by interpolating standard flux predictions as a function of geomagnetic latitude. Neutrino interactions in the surrounding rock and the liquid-nitrogen volume are simulated for neutrino energies of $E\ge0.1$ GeV, followed by secondary-particle transport and geometry-based event selection. For the benchmark oscillation parameters $\Delta$m$^{2}_{32}$ = $2.4\times10^{-3}\ \mathrm{eV}^{2}$ and $\sin^{2}\theta_{23}=0.5$, the neutrino-induced muon flux from the surrounding rock is estimated to be $(3.65 \pm 1.00)\times10^{-13}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ sr$^{-1}$, corresponding to a muon yield of $(0.13 \pm 0.034)$ day$^{-1}$ in the 1725 m$^{3}$ liquid-nitrogen volume. Three-flavor neutrino oscillations are incorporated into a Poisson-likelihood $\chi^{2}$ analysis to evaluate the sensitivity to the oscillation parameters. Extending the usable zenith-angle range leads to a clear improvement in the projected oscillation sensitivity at the 90\% confidence level over a 10-year exposure. The improvement is most pronounced for $\Delta$m$^{2}_{32}$, while the improvement in the constraint on $\sin^{2}\theta_{23}$ near the best-fit point remains relatively modest. These results demonstrate that the extended zenith-angle coverage enabled by the ultra-low cosmic-ray muon background at CJPL can strengthen the projected constraints on atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters in a large liquid-nitrogen detector. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.