Maternal Area of Residence and Outcomes for Mother–Infant Dyads with Perinatal Opioid Exposure

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Abstract
Determine the relationship between maternal Social Deprivation Index (SDI), a composite measure of area-level deprivation, and maternal characteristics and infant outcomes for mother–infant dyads with perinatal opioid exposure. Post hoc secondary analysis of 1,298 mother–infant dyads in the ESC-NOW study, a multicenter, stepped-wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial (2020–2022) conducted at 26 U.S. study hospitals. The 2016 American Community Survey was used to develop SDI scores based on the maternal zip code of residence at the time of delivery. Outcomes evaluated included receipt of pharmacologic treatment for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (PT), receipt of breastmilk during hospital stay, direct breastfeeding at discharge, discharge disposition, and length of stay for infants who received PT (length of hospital stay, LOS). The median SDI score was 62 on a scale of 100. The high SDI group, with a score above the SDI median and more social deprivation, was less likely to receive adequate prenatal care or medication for opioid use disorder and more likely to be Black and/or Hispanic. The mean proportion of infants in the high SDI group was 6.2% points (relative risk [RR]: 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80, 0.98) less likely to receive breastmilk during the newborn hospitalization and 7.3% points (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.96) less likely to be discharged home with a biological parent. There was no difference between the high and low SDI groups in receipt of PT, direct breastfeeding at discharge, or LOS. Mothers from high SDI communities with opioid exposure during pregnancy were less likely to receive the established standard of care and more likely to be Black and/or Hispanic. Infants born to these mothers were less likely to receive breastmilk and/or to be discharged home with a biological parent. Targeting interventions to mitigate the impact of social deprivation in high SDI communities may improve outcomes for opioid-exposed infants and their mothers.
Funding Information
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2UG10D024947-03)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (3U2COD023375-06S1)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (3U2COD023375-07S2)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U10 HD053089)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24 OD024957)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD27853)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD36790)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD68278)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD87226)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 OD024954)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 OD024955)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 OD024959)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UL1 TR105)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UL1 TR77)

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