Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Hot-Dry Winds in Northern China: A Multidimensional Analysis Using Gridded Datasets

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Abstract
Hot-dry winds (HDWs), characterized by simultaneous high temperature, low humidity, and strong wind speed, represent prevalent agrometeorological hazards in northern China. To date, our comprehension of HDWs has been constrained to regional scales due to the dependence upon in situ meteorological observations and the lack of a universal definition of HDWs. In this study, we leveraged a gridded dataset to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of HDWs in northern China from 1961 to 2022. We also introduced a standardized HDW index (sHDWI) to investigate HDW severity. The results indicated more HDW occurrences in eastern Northwest China (NW) and western Inner Mongolia (IM). While there were declining trends in HDW frequency, extent, and severity on average in northern China from 1961 to 1993, these trends were reversed by an overall increase afterward. Intriguingly, regions spanning from NW to IM exhibited significant upward trends in HDW severity according to sHDWI. The spatial extents of light, moderate, and heavy HDWs consistently decreased in North China (NC), with notable expansions over IM, NW, and Northeast China (NE) from 2001 to 2022. Importantly, the increased frequency, expanded extent, and intensified severity of HDWs, particularly, the heavy ones, underscored the escalation of HDW events in recent decades over the arid IM and hyperarid NW, known for their fragile ecological environment. The findings from this research carry significant implications for agricultural production and water management in northern China influenced by the changing patterns of HDWs in the context of climate change. Significance Statement This study aims to enhance our understanding of the large-scale spatiotemporal dynamics of hot-dry winds (HDWs) in northern China using a 0.25° × 0.25° gridded dataset spanning the period from 1961 to 2022. The adoption of the gridded dataset enables a multidimensional exploration of HDWs, encompassing their frequency, extent, and severity which cannot be fully captured by in situ observations. Meanwhile, to quantify changes in HDW severity, we introduce a standardized HDW index that surpasses existing HDW definitions relying on absolute thresholds or relative percentiles of maximum air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Our results reveal a consistent reversal in HDW frequency, extent, and severity around 1993 in northern China and highlight the intensification of heavy HDWs, particularly in the arid and hyperarid regions within the study area.

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