Complex Role for E‐Prostanoid 4 Receptors in Hypertension

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Abstract
Background: Prostaglandin E 2 ( PGE 2 ) is a major prostanoid with multiple actions that potentially affect blood pressure ( BP ). PGE 2 acts through 4 distinct E‐prostanoid ( EP ) receptor isoforms: EP 1 to EP 4. The EP 4 receptor ( EP 4R) promotes PGE 2 ‐dependent vasodilation, but its role in the pathogenesis of hypertension is not clear. Methods and Results: To address this issue, we studied mice after temporal‐ and cell‐specific deletion of EP 4R. First, using a mouse line with loss of EP 4 expression induced universally after birth, we confirm that EP 4R mediates a major portion of the acute vasodilatory effects of infused PGE 2 . In addition, EP 4 contributes to control of resting BP , which was increased by 5±1 mm Hg in animals with generalized deficiency of this receptor. We also show that EP 4 is critical for limiting elevations in BP caused by high salt feeding and long‐term infusion of angiotensin II . To more precisely identify the mechanism for these actions, we generated mice in which EP 4R loss is induced after birth and is limited to smooth muscle. In these mice, acute PGE 2 ‐dependent vasodilation was attenuated, indicating that this response is mediated by EP 4R in vascular smooth muscle cells. However, absence of EP 4R only in this vascular compartment had a paradoxical effect of lowering resting BP , whereas the protective effect of EP 4R on limiting angiotensin II–dependent hypertension was unaffected. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings support a complex role for EP 4R in regulation of BP and in hypertension, which appears to involve actions of the EP 4R in tissues beyond vascular smooth muscle cells.

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