Universal Mass Equation for Equal-quantum Excited States

This article proposes a universal mass equation (UME) for the baryon and meson equal-quantum excited states sets that have three or more known states in the set and have no more than one missing state. The conjecture is made that accurately measured masses using Breit–Wigner PDG2024 data at fixed \(J^P\) for all equal-quantum baryon excited-states sets (including LHCb exotic \(P_{c\bar {c}s}^+\)) and at fixed \(J^{PC}\) for all equal-quantum meson excited-states sets (including \(s\bar {s}\), \(s\bar {c}\), \(c\bar {c}\), \(c\bar {b}\), and \(b\bar {b}\)) are related by the logarithm function used here; at least for the mass range of currently known excited states. Our study examines the relationship between the ground-state masses and the logarithmic slopes, and finds an approximately inverse relationship. We discuss the measurability of overlapping states. We make an estimate of fundamental properties of the QCD potential. Published by the Jagiellonian University 2026 authors