Advances in Fluorescent Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanostructures: Interfacial and Photophysical Insights for Selective Pesticide Sensing and Removal

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Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides in modern agriculture has resulted in their persistent accumulation in environmental systems, posing significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Consequently, the development of integrated strategies for the sensitive detection and efficient removal of pesticide residues has become critically important. In this context, fluorescent inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles have emerged as versatile platforms owing to their tunable physicochemical properties and distinctive optical behavior. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in these hybrid nanomaterials for pesticide sensing and remediation. Particular emphasis is placed on the underlying photophysical mechanisms governing detection, including fluorescence quenching, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), inner filter effect (IFE), and photoinduced electron transfer (PET). In parallel, the role of interfacial interactions such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and π–π stacking in adsorption processes is critically discussed. Furthermore, these hybrid systems exhibit high adsorption capacities and rapid removal kinetics, enabling efficient pesticide elimination using both adsorption and catalytic degradation pathways. Overall, this review underscores the potential of fluorescent inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles as next-generation materials for sustainable environmental monitoring and remediation of pesticide contaminants.

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