Potent Cytotoxic Lignans from Justicia procumbens and Their Effects on Nitric Oxide and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production in Mouse Macrophages

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Abstract
A new lignan glycoside, 4-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1‘ ‘‘→2‘ ‘)-β-d-apiofuranosyldiphyllin (2), named procumbenoside A, and 11 known compounds were isolated from the whole plant of Justicia procumbens. The structure of 2 was established by spectral analysis and chemical methods. The known compounds justicidin A (1), diphyllin (3), and tuberculatin (4) showed potent cytotoxic effects against a number of cancer cells in vitro. Compounds 1 and 4 also strongly enhanced tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) generation from mouse macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).