Introducing the Socio‐Emotional School Experiences Adaptation ( SESEA ) model: A theoretical integration of emotions, social relationships and the experience of learning

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Abstract
Background: Social and emotional experiences play a central role in the daily lives of both students and teachers. Although emotions and social relationships are deeply interwoven—each shaping and reinforcing the other—emotional experiences and social dynamics are still considered largely in isolation, with limited attention being given to contextual, interpersonal and individual factors that influence them. Aims: Accordingly, this paper introduces the Socio‐Emotional School Experiences Adaptation (SESEA) model, a novel theoretical framework that conceptualizes socio‐emotional experiences in educational settings as dynamic, context‐sensitive, adaptive responses to a range of interacting influences. Theoretical Framework: Drawing on theories from psychology, pedagogics, social sciences and medicine—such as Control‐Value Theory, Self‐Determination Theory and the Social–Emotional Adaptation model, the SESEA model identifies four social domains (emotional‐affective, formal‐instrumental, behavioural and competence‐related) through which emotional experiences are structured. These domains are shaped by individual characteristics, needs, appraisals and broader institutional and cultural conditions. Key Propositions: Unlike existing frameworks, SESEA integrates student and teacher perspectives, allowing for a systemic understanding of classroom dynamics. The model provides a conceptual framework that may support theory‐driven research and a basis for the development of innovative empirical approaches, including observational instruments and multi‐method designs. It offers a foundation for examining how socio‐emotional experiences and adaptation unfold over time, across actors and in diverse school contexts. Conclusion: Potential applications include empirical validation and the development of interventions to enhance emotional well‐being, relationships and learning. The SESEA model promotes a holistic understanding of emotional life in education and advances research, practice and policy.