Recognition of natural objects in the archerfish

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Abstract
Recognition of individual objects and their categorization is a complex computational task. Nevertheless, visual systems are able to perform this task in a rapid and accurate manner. Humans and other animals can efficiently recognize objects despite countless variations in their projection on the retina due to different viewing angles, distance, illumination conditions, and other parameters. Numerous studies conducted in mammals have associated the recognition process with cortical activity. Although the ability to recognize objects is not limited to mammals and has been well-documented in other vertebrates that lack a cortex, the mechanism remains elusive. To address this gap, we explored object recognition in the archerfish, which lack a fully developed cortex. Archerfish hunt by shooting a jet of water at aerial targets. We leveraged this unique skill to monitor visual behavior in archerfish by presenting fish with a set of images on a computer screen above the water tank and observing the behavioral response. This methodology served to characterize the ability of the archerfish to perform ecologically relevant recognition of natural objects. We found that archerfish can recognize an individual object presented under different conditions and that they can also categorize novel objects into known categories. Manipulating features of these objects revealed that the fish were more sensitive to object contours than texture and that a small number of features was sufficient for categorization. Our findings suggest the existence of a complex visual process in the archerfish visual system that enables object recognition and categorization.
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