Enzyme‐Enabled Droplet Biobattery for Powering Synthetic Tissues

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Abstract
Enzyme‐enabled biobatteries are promising green options to power the next‐generation of bioelectronics and implantable medical devices. However, existing power sources based on enzymatic biofuel chemistry exhibit limited scale‐down feasibility due to the solid and bulky battery structures. Therefore, miniature and soft alternatives are needed for integration with implants and tissues. Here, a biobattery built from nanolitre droplets, fuelled by the enzyme‐enabled oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, generates electrical outputs and powers ion fluxes in droplet networks. Optimization of the droplet biobattery components ensures a stable output current of ~13,000 pA for over 24 h, representing a more than 600‐fold increase in output over previous approaches, including light‐driven processes. The enzyme‐enabled droplet biobattery opens new avenues in bioelectronics and bioiontronics, exemplified by tasks such as the ability to drive chemical signal transmission in integrated synthetic tissues.
Funding Information
  • HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (SYNTISU)
  • HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (750801)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (82104093)
  • Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program (2023A001)
  • Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (2024A1515010622)

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