Multi-Scale Gaussian Mixture Model-Gated Mixture of Experts for Fine-Grained Insect Pest Classification

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Abstract
Fine-grained insect pest classification presents a particularly demanding visual recognition challenge due to severe class imbalance, pronounced intra-class morphological variability across developmental stages, and high inter-class visual similarity among taxonomically related species. Existing deep learning approaches typically rely on a single feature representation extracted from a single network depth, overlooking complementary discriminative cues distributed across multiple abstraction levels. Furthermore, classical attention mechanisms perform spatial weighting deterministically, without explicitly modeling the underlying statistical structure of the feature space, which is inherently multimodal on long-tailed benchmarks such as IP102. This study proposes a Multi-Scale Gaussian Mixture Model-Gated Mixture of Experts (GMM-MoE) architecture that operates as a plug-in module insertable into any convolutional backbone, evaluated here on DenseNet-121 at three distinct feature depths. The proposed module computes analytic GMM posterior responsibilities in closed form, softly assigning each spatial location to dedicated convolutional expert sub-networks. At the same time, a conditional prior mechanism π(x) adapts the routing strategy to individual image content rather than relying on fixed priors. The architecture is evaluated on the IP102 benchmark (102 pest classes, ~75,000 images) under a two-stage training protocol. Ablation experiments confirm that increasing the number of experts consistently improves accuracy across all three routing depths, and that multi-scale fusion surpasses any single-scale configuration. The proposed model achieves a mean top-1 accuracy of 74.12% (±0.25%, 95% CI) across three independent runs on the IP102 test set. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to employ GMM posterior responsibilities as a spatial routing mechanism within a multi-scale CNN feature hierarchy for fine-grained insect pest classification, establishing a principled probabilistic alternative to deterministic attention weighting in visual recognition systems.
Funding Information
  • Bingöl Üniversitesi (PİKOM-Bitki.2025.001.)

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