A Review of Anticoagulant Surface Modification Strategies for Blood-Contacting Materials: From Inertness to Bioinspired and Biointegration

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Abstract
The coagulation cascade triggered by the contact between blood and the surface of implantable/interventional devices can lead to thrombosis, severely compromising the long-term safety and efficacy of medical devices. As an alternative to systemic anticoagulants, surface anticoagulant modification technology can achieve safer hemocompatibility on the device surface, holding significant potential for clinical application. This article systematically elaborates on the latest research progress in the surface anticoagulant modification of blood-contacting materials. It analyzes and discusses the main strategies and their evolution, spanning from physically inert carbon-based coatings and heparin-based drug-functionalized surfaces to hydrophilic/hydrophobic dynamic physical barriers, biologically signaling regulatory coatings, and bio-integrative/regenerative endothelium-mimicking surfaces. The advantages and limitations of the respective methods are outlined, and the potential for synergistic application of multiple strategies is explored. A special emphasis is placed on current research hotspots regarding novel anticoagulant surface technologies, such as hydrogel coatings, liquid-infused surfaces, and 3D-printed endothelialization, aiming to provide insights and references for developing long-term, safe, and hemocompatible cardiovascular implantable devices.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (52205208)
  • Changzhou Type D Program for the Introduction and Cultivation of Leading Innovative Talents (CQ20240138)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (52205207)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (52405435)
  • Shanxi Province Key Research and Development Program Project (202202050201018)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (B250201113)

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