In vitro assessment of the soft tissue/implant interface using porcine gingival explants

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Abstract
The biologic seal of peri-implant soft tissue is crucial for long-term prognosis of oral implants. This in vitro study describes a novel tissue culture model using porcine gingival explants to evaluate the soft tissue/implant interface. Two different types of substrates were investigated: (a) plain polymer: BisGMA–TEGDMA (50–50 %) and (b) unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). Porcine gingival explants were obtained from a local slaughterhouse. The experimental implants (n = 4) were inserted into the middle of freshly excised porcine gingival explants and cultured at the air/liquid interface up to 14 days. Porcine gingival explants with no implants served as baseline controls. The specimens were fixed and processed for the preparation of undecalcified samples. Histological analysis of the soft tissue/implant interface was carried out using a light-microscope. Microscopic evaluation suggests that the gingival explants established epithelial and connective tissue attachment to both implant types over the incubation period. FRC surfaces seemed to have a favorable tissue response with a sign of an outward epithelial migration. However, tissue degeneration was observed at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, this in vitro model maintains mucosal viability and ability to histologically evaluate soft tissue attachment to biomaterials rendering it a time efficient and cost effective model that may reduce the need for animal experiments.

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